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Table 4

Theoretical hypotheses about adversarial examples

Hypothesis Year Venue Description
Low-probability hypothesis[3] 2014 ICLR Adversarial examples lie in the low-probability spaces
Linearity hypothesis[4] 2015 arXiv The highly linear behaviors of DNNs are responsible for adversarial examples
Off-manifold hypothesis[80] 2017 SIGSAC Adversarial examples lie off the clean data manifold and obey a different distribution
Manifold geometry hypothesis[91] 2018 arXiv The intricate geometric structure of the data manifold makes the model rather sensitive to adversarial examples

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