Issue |
Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci.
Volume 29, Number 3, June 2024
|
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Page(s) | 284 - 292 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/wujns/2024293284 | |
Published online | 03 July 2024 |
Mathematics
CLC number: O231
Control and Stabilization of Chaotic System Based on Linear Feedback Control Method
School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
† Corresponding author. E-mail: dkli2009@163.com
Received:
28
June
2023
In this paper, two kinds of chaotic systems are controlled respectively with and without time-delay to eliminate their chaotic behaviors. First of all, according to the first-order approximation method and the stabilization condition of the linear system, one linear feedback controller is structured to control the chaotic system without time-delay, its chaotic behavior is eliminated and stabilized to its equilibrium. After that, based on the first-order approximation method, the Lyapunov stability theorem, and the matrix inequality theory, the other linear feedback controller is structured to control the chaotic system with time-delay and make it stabilized at its equilibrium. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the correctness and effectiveness of the two linear feedback controllers.
Key words: chaotic system without time-delay / chaotic system with time-delay / stabilization / linear feedback control method
Cite this article: WEI Xingmin, LI Dekui. Control and Stabilization of Chaotic System Based on Linear Feedback Control Method[J]. Wuhan Univ J of Nat Sci, 2024, 29(3): 284-292.
Biography: WEI Xingmin, male, Associate professor, research direction: differential equation and dynamical system. E-mail:weixingmin@gszy.edu.cn
Fundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61863022), the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(20JR10RA329), and Scientific Research and Innovation Fund Project of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine in 2019 (2019KCYB-10)
© Wuhan University 2024
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
0 Introduction
Due to find that chaotic phenomena commonly exist in nonlinear dynamical systems, in recent years, chaotic and hyperchaotic systems have been studied in many scientific realms, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electronic, neural network mechanics, and so forth. Chaos has the potential application value in secure communication because of some particular properties, including strange attractor, ergodicity of phase space, and sensitive dependence on its initial condition, etc.; in this situation, chaotic behavior of the nonlinear system is desired, but in other situation chaotic behavior is undesired because of its harmfulness for people's lives, such as chaos in mechanical systems results in increased noise, increased component cracks, friction and wear, and reduced overall system performance, the harmful chaos need to be suppressed as much as possible or eliminated totally. However, people had been thinking it was impossible to control or apply chaos for a long time because of its extreme complexity.
Until 1990, Ott, Grebogi and Yorke have proposed a chaos control method, which is simply called OGY [1]; they have used OGY to control a chaotic system successfully. It has opened the door of chaos control, but it is a pity that OGY requires a priori information of the chaotic system. Since then, many chaos control methods are proposed and applied, such as the targeting method [2,3], time-delayed feedback control method [4-6], stable manifold method[7-11] etc. On the other hand, many chaos control schemes have been proposed, such as adaptive control [12], sliding mode control[13], fuzzy logic control[14], neural network control[15] and so on.
In the above chaotic control methods, the targeting method is the direct promotion method of OGY, it takes the subtraction value of the target output signal and the present output signal as the coming origin of the feedback signal. The time-delay feedback control takes the subtraction value of the past output signal and the present output signal as the coming origin of the feedback signal. The targeting and the time-delay feedback control methods all belong to the linear method, but the stable manifold method is a nonlinear method.
Control and synchronization of chaotic system has been largely studied in recent years. The authors have studied the stabilization and synchronization of a class of chaotic systems with both discrete and distributed time-varying delays by periodically intermittent control [16]. The stabilization of nonlinear systems with time-delay is realized under flexible delayed impulsive control [17]. The size of the delay can be smaller or larger than the impulsive intervals, and there is no magnitude relationship between the delay in continuous flow and impulsive delay. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, the nonlinear controllers are obtained to realize the dislocated function projective partial synchronization and the general dislocated function projective partial synchronization of the two dynamical systems, respectively[18].
In most situations, we find that the stabilization or synchronization of chaotic systems were achieved by imposing some very complex nonlinear controllers on chaotic systems. However, the complex nonlinear controllers make the chaotic circuit design very difficult, leading to its practical application being inconvenient [16-21]. The linear feedback controller has an advantage of structure and form, and circuit realization is simple, so people should use the linear feedback controller to control and stabilize chaotic system as much as possible. In this paper, we use the linear feedback control method to study the stabilization of the two chaotic systems with and without time delay.
The rest of this paper is arranged as follows: the stabilization of the chaotic system without time-delay is realized by the linear feedback controller in Section 1, and in Section 2, we studied the stabilization of the chaotic system with time-delay. In Section 3, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness and correctness of the two linear feedback controllers constructed in Section 1 and 2. Finally, conclusion will be presented in Section 4.
1 Stabilization of the Chaotic System without Time-Delay
In fact, the state equations of many chaotic or hyperchaotic systems can be divided into two linear and nonlinear parts: such as the Lorenz system, the Chen system, the Chua circuit system, and the Lorenz hyperchaotic system etc. So the state equations of the chaotic or hyperchaotic systems can be written as follows,
where is state vector,
and
are linear and nonlinear parts of the system, respectively. If let
is the chaotic region of the system, then its equilibrium point
must satisfy
. Our goal is to stabilize chaotic trajectories of the system (1) to the point
by the following linear feedback controller,
where is the controller added on the system (1). Because
is an equilibrium point of the chaotic system (1),
is a solution of the equation (1), and we have
In order to realize the goal, we define the error of the system and its equilibrium point as follows,
According to (1), (2), (3) and (4), we can get the error system as follows,
where .
Because the zero point of the error system (5) is its fixed point, . Taylor series of the nonlinear function
at the zero point is given as follows,
where is the high order term of Taylor series with respect to
. Let
, we can obtain the linearized system of the error system (5) as follows,
where is an identity matrix.
According to the stable theory of the linear system, we can give the following conclusion for stabilizing the system (1).
Theorem 1 If there exists a real matrix which makes all the eigenvalues of the matrix
have negative real parts, then the chaotic system (1) can be stabilized to the equilibrium point
as the trajectories are very close to
.
Remark 1 Theorem 1 shows that the chaotic system (1) can be stabilized to the equilibrium pointas the chaotic trajectories are very close to
. Can the trajectories be very close to the point
under the arbitrary initial condition? The answer is definite. Because of the ergodicity of the chaotic trajectories in phase space, the trajectories can close to any point of the chaotic region.
In this section, we give the linear feedback control strategy to stabilize the chaotic system without time-delay. However, the time-delay phenomenon is universal existing in complex system, so we will necessarily study the stabilization of the chaotic system with time-delay in Section 2.
2 Stabilization of the Chaotic System with Time-Delay
We consider a chaotic system with time-delay, and its dynamical equation can be written as the following vector form,
where and
are linear parts without and with time-delay, respectively.
and
are nonlinear parts without and with time-delay, respectively,
is the state vector. Let
is chaotic region, the equilibrium point
of the system satisfies
. Our goal is to stabilize the chaotic trajectories of the system (8) to
by the following linear feedback controller,
where is an undetermined real matrix. Because
is an equilibrium point of the chaotic system (8),
satisfies the equation (8), and we can get
We impose the controller on the system (8), let the error
of the systems (8) and (10), the error system is described as follows,
where,
Thus, stabilizing chaotic system (8) to its equilibrium point will be changed into
as
. It is obvious that the zero point is the fixed point of the nonlinear function
. According to Taylor's theorem of multivariate function, Taylor's expansion of
at the zero point is shown as follows,
where, ,
,
and
are the high-order expansion terms of
and
, respectively, so we can obtain the linearization equation of the controlled error system (11) at the zero point as follows,
In order to make as
, what conditions need to be satisfied? The answer will be given in Theorem 2.
Next, we introduce a lemma, which is necessary to prove theorem 2 firstly, and then present the proof process of Theorem 2.
Lemma 1 Let are any vectors, the following inequality
holds.
Theorem 2 If there is a real matrix in (9) which makes error system (13) satisfy the following equation,
where is a positive matrix and satisfies the normal inequality as follows,
then as
.
Proof In order to prove that the zero solution of the error system (13) is asymptotically stable, a Lyapunov function is constructed as follows,
It is obvious that is positive. In the meantime, the derivative of the Lyapunov function (17) is described as follows,
According to (14) and (16), the equation (18) changes into the following inequality,
According to (16), we can obtain a relational expression as follows,
We square both sides of the inequality (20) and then substitute the square result into (19), which we easily find . According to the Lyapunov stability theorem, the linear error system (13) is asymptotically stable, that is
as
. The end of the proof is here.
Thus, when trajectories of the chaotic system (8) are close to the equilibrium point , the chaotic system (8) can be stabilized to
under the linear controller (9).
3 Numeral Simulation
In this section, we simulate the stabilization of the chaotic system without and with time-delay, respectively; they are shown in Section 3.1 and 3.2 to illustrate the correctness of Theorem 1 and Theorem 2, respectively.
3.1 Simulation for the Chaotic System without Time-Delay
We take the three eight hyperchaotic system[22] as example of a chaotic system without time-delay to carry out the simulation; its dynamical equations are shown as follows,
where ,
,
and
are state variables, and a, b, c,
, and k are system parameters. When a=10, b=28, c=2,
=4, and k=8, the system (21) is in a hyperchaotic state and has some attractors presented in Fig.1.
![]() |
Fig.1 The attractors of the system (21) |
Without loss of generality, we stabilize the hyperchaotic system (21) to its only equilibrium point . According to the equations (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), the error system of the controlled system (21) can be written as follows,
According to Taylor's theorem of multivariate function, the Taylor expansion form of the nonlinear function at the zero point is described as follows,
Based on the formula (7), the Linearization system of the error system (22) at the zero point is shown as follows,
When a=10, b=28, c=2, =4, and k=8, the characteristic equation of coefficient matrix in equation (24) is shown as follows,
where the coefficients of the characteristic equation (25) are shown as follows,
According to the Routh-Hurwitz theorem, the sufficient condition of all the eigenvalues with negative real parts is described as follows,
By solving the inequality (27), we can obtain one of the solutions shown as follows,
According to the controller (2) and equations (28), the controlled system (21) can be described as follows,
The time series curves of the system (21) at the controlled front and rear are shown in Fig. 2, where the time series curves of the system (21) are shown before the 20th second, and the ones of the system (29) are shown after the 20th second. The 20th second is a time cutoff for whether the system (21) is controlled.
![]() |
Fig.2 The time series curves of the hyperchaotic system (21) at controlled front and rear |
From Fig.2, we can find that the system is in a hyperchaotic state in a chaotic region. Since the 20th second, the system has been controlled and comes into the controlled region; its time series curves quickly tend to be the only equilibrium point . All these illustrate that the correctness of stabilizing the chaotic system without time-delay in Theorem 1.
3.2 Simulation for the Chaotic System with Time-Delay
Rucklidge system with time-delay, whose bifurcation characteristics have been studied [23] is introduced to illustrate the correctness of the Theorem 2. Its differential equations are written as follows,
where ,
and
are state variables and
,
are system parameters.
If , then the system (30) has one equilibrium point
, otherwise, it has three equilibrium points
,
and
. When
,
and
, the subtraction value curves of the system (30) are shown in Fig.3 under two different initial values
and
.
![]() |
Fig.3 The subtraction value curves of the system (30) |
When the initial values of the system (30) take place subtle change; From Fig.3, we find the subtraction value curves cannot stabilize to zero. It indicates that the system (30) has a high sensitivity for the initial value. Hence, the Rucklidge system with time-delay is a chaotic system, and its chaotic attractors are presented in Fig. 4.
![]() |
Fig.4 The chaotic attractors of the system (30) |
The system (30) can be written as follows,
When ,
and
, the chaotic system (30) has three equilibrium points
,
and
. Without loss of generality, we arbitrarily select an equilibrium point
. According to (11), when the system (31) is controlled, the error system at the point
is shown as follows,
According to equations (12) and (32), we can calculate out
In order to calculate out in equation (9), we give the norm of the matrix
as follows,
According to equation (34) and Theorem 2, we can calculate one positive solution of the matrix in equation (15) as follows,
Substituting equation (35) into equation (15), we can obtain the coefficient matrix of the linear feedback controller (9) as follows,
According to equations (31), (9) and (36), the controlled Rucklidge system with time-delay is written as follows,
In the following simulation, we observe whether the controlled system (37) can be stabilized to the equilibrium point . The simulation result is shown in Fig.5, where the time series curves of the system (30) are shown before the 25th second, and the ones of the system (37) are shown after the 25th second. The 25th second is a time cutoff for whether the system (30) is controlled.
![]() |
Fig.5 The time series curves of the chaotic system (30) at controlled front and rear |
From Fig.5, we can find that the uncontrolled system (30) is in a chaotic state in the chaotic region between 0 to 25 s. Since the 25th second, the system has been controlled and comes into the controlled region; its time series curves quickly tend to the selected equilibrium point . All these illustrate the correctness of stabilizing the chaotic system with time-delay in Theorem 2.
Remark 2 The linear feedback controller (9) constructed for the chaotic system with time-delay (8) is very correct and effective. The controller can quickly make the chaotic system with time-delay stabilize to its any equilibrium point.
4 Conclusion
By applying the nonlinear system's first-order approximation method and the linear system's stabilization condition, we structure a linear feedback controller to control the chaotic systems without time-delay. The chaotic behavior of the chaotic system is eliminated, and the chaotic system can be stabilized to the predetermined equilibriums under the constructed linear feedback controller.
In the case of chaotic system with time-delay, we also structure a linear feedback controller to control and stabilize it by the first-order approximation method of the nonlinear system, the Lyapunov stability theorem, and the matrix inequality theory.
The constructed linear feedback controllers have some advantages, such as the structure is simple, the circuit design is easy, the control process is convenient and the stabilized effect is good. At the same time, the designed linear feedback controller has universality for chaotic systems without and with time-delay.
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All Figures
![]() |
Fig.1 The attractors of the system (21) |
In the text |
![]() |
Fig.2 The time series curves of the hyperchaotic system (21) at controlled front and rear |
In the text |
![]() |
Fig.3 The subtraction value curves of the system (30) |
In the text |
![]() |
Fig.4 The chaotic attractors of the system (30) |
In the text |
![]() |
Fig.5 The time series curves of the chaotic system (30) at controlled front and rear |
In the text |
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